2021, Volume 17

The Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish, adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes

Ryszard Makarowski¹, Andrzej Piotrowski², Radu Predoiu³, Karol Görner⁴, Alexandra Predoiu⁵, Georgeta Mitrache³, Romualdas Malinauskas⁶, Néstor Vicente-Salar⁷, Zermena Vazne⁸, Konstantin Bochaver⁹, EVGENY CHEREPOV¹⁰, IMADUDDIN HAMZAH¹¹, ZAHRA NIKKHAH-FARKHANI¹², MÁRTA MIKLÓSI¹³, KLÁRA KOVÁCS¹⁴, FLORIN PELIN¹⁵, OLE BOE¹⁶, SAMIR RAWAT¹⁷, ABHIJIT DESHPANDE¹⁷, MIECZYSŁAW PLOPA<sup>18

1</sup>Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences, Elblag University of Humanities and Economics, Elblag , Poland
²Department of Personality Psychology and Forensic Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Institute of Psychology, Gdańsk, Poland
³Teachers\\\' Training Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
⁴Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banska Bystrica, Slovak Republic
⁵Sports and Motor Performance Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
⁶Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
⁷Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, University Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
⁸Department of Sport and Training Theory, Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia
⁹Sport Psychology Lab, Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, Moscow, Russia
¹⁰Department of Physical Education and Health, South-Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
¹¹Department of Community Guidance, Correctional Polytechnic, Jakarta, Indonesia
¹²Business Management Department, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
¹³Department of Pedagogical Psychology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen , Hungary
¹⁴Institute of Educational Studies, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
¹⁵Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Sports and Motor Performance Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
¹⁶Department of Business, Strategy and Political Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
¹⁷Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
¹⁸Faculty of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland


Author for correspondence: Alexandra Predoiu; Sports and Motor Performance Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania; email: alexandra.predoiu@yahoo.com

Full text

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: Studying aggression and aggressiveness among martial arts athletes allows for identifying aspects of the training process, important for the professional and personal development. Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire has only been published in English in 2013. The aim of the current study is recommendation to researchers, coaches of various martial arts (combat sports) disciplines, physical education teachers, and sports psychologists with a measure of aggressiveness.

Material and Methods: The Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptation of Makarowski’s Aggression Questionnaire was used. The questionnaire measures the following dimensions of aggressiveness: “Go-ahead” (the athlete attacks, breaks obstacles, is courageous and see obstacles as challenges to be overcomed), “Foul play” (the athlete has no scruples, is willing to blame others in order to achieve his/ her goal or to block them, often in an unethical manner – for example, by pushing an opponent on the field) and “Assertiveness” (the athlete expresses his/ her opinion and emotions directly, in a courageous way and within appropriate boundaries - for example, a critical feedback to peers or to the coach). The questionnaire’s reliability and validity analyses on martial arts athletes from Hungary (n = 50), Latvia (n = 31), Lithuania (n = 51), Poland (n = 49), Romania, (n = 53), Russia (n = 55), Slovakia (n = 30) and Spain (n = 24) were made. Reliability was assessed using the Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficient, which ranged from 0.67 to 0.85 for the individual subscales. The test’s internal structure was verified via confirmatory factor analysis.

Results: The adapted versions of Makarowski’s Aggression Questionnaire have good psychometric properties and can be used in international studies. Also, single-factor analysis of variance highlighted that martial arts athletes from Spain achieved the highest mean on the Go-ahead subscale, martial arts athletes from Latvia achieved the highest mean on the Foul play subscale, while martial arts athletes from Poland obtained the highest values on the Assertiveness subscale. Considering the lowest Go-ahead scores, these were observed in martial arts athletes from Romania, the lowest Foul play scores - in martial arts athletes from Spain, and the lowest Assertiveness values – in martial arts athletes from Hungary.

Conclusions: In accordance with the general methodological standards, the questionnaire can be used in coaching practice, as part of psychological skills training and in international research. The appendix includes Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Indian (Martahai and Hindi), Indonesian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian (implicitely Moldavian), Russian, Slovak and Spanish versions of the Makarowski’s Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes, together with the norms for both women and men.

Key words: “go-ahead”, foul play, combat sport, assertiveness, aggressiveness, aggression, martial arts